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<h3>

Matt Selsky pushed to branch master

at <a href="https://gitlab.com/NTPsec/ntpsec">NTPsec / ntpsec</a>

</h3>

<h4>

Commits:

</h4>

<ul>

<li>

<strong><a href="https://gitlab.com/NTPsec/ntpsec/commit/06c284ff554fee61260e5d5ffcc3fb187aa8f996">06c284ff</a></strong>

<div>

<span>by Paul Theodoropoulos</span>

<i>at 2018-10-12T17:18:37Z</i>

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<pre class="commit-message" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin: 0;">Grammar, typos.

</pre>

</li>

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<h4>1 changed file:</h4>

<ul>

<li class="file-stats">

<a href="#497b83ad49573805241ec46c01bb7be9290c16a5">

docs/leapsmear.txt

</a>

</li>

</ul>

<h4>Changes:</h4>

<li id="497b83ad49573805241ec46c01bb7be9290c16a5">

<a href="https://gitlab.com/NTPsec/ntpsec/commit/06c284ff554fee61260e5d5ffcc3fb187aa8f996#497b83ad49573805241ec46c01bb7be9290c16a5"><strong>docs/leapsmear.txt</strong></a>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ possible.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC10" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

</pre>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC11" class="line" lang="plaintext">Unfortunately, leap seconds are scheduled to be inserted into or deleted</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC12" class="line" lang="plaintext">from the UTC time scale in irregular intervals to keep the UTC time scale</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="plaintext">synchronized with the Earth rotation.  Deletions haven't happened, yet, but</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="plaintext">synchronized with the Earth<span class="idiff left right">'s</span> rotation.  Deletions haven't happened, yet, but</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC14" class="line" lang="plaintext">insertions have happened over 30 times.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC15" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC16" class="line" lang="plaintext">The problem is that POSIX requires 86400 seconds in a day, and there is no</span>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -30,30 +30,30 @@ approaching leap second, and can handle the leap second appropriately.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC30" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC31" class="line" lang="plaintext">== The Problem on Unix-like Systems ==</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC32" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<td class="diff-line-num new_line old" data-linenumber="33" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #fac5cd; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#f9d7dc">

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC33" class="line" lang="plaintext">If a leap second is to be inserted then in most Unix-like systems the OS</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC33" class="line" lang="plaintext">If a leap second is to be inserted<span class="idiff left right">,</span> then in most Unix-like systems the OS</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC34" class="line" lang="plaintext">kernel just steps the time back by 1 second at the beginning of the leap</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC35" class="line" lang="plaintext">second, so the last second of the UTC day is repeated and thus duplicate</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC36" class="line" lang="plaintext">timestamps can occur.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC37" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC38" class="line" lang="plaintext">Unfortunately there are lots of applications which get confused i<span class="idiff left right">t</span> the</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC38" class="line" lang="plaintext">Unfortunately there are lots of applications which get confused i<span class="idiff left right">f</span> the</span>

</pre>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC39" class="line" lang="plaintext">system time is stepped back, e.g. due to a leap second insertion.  Thus,</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC40" class="line" lang="plaintext">many users have been looking for ways to avoid this, and tried to introduce</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC41" class="line" lang="plaintext">workarounds which may <span class="idiff left right">work properly, or not</span>.</span>

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<td class="diff-line-num new old_line" data-linenumber="42" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #c7f0d2; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#ddfbe6">

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC40" class="line" lang="plaintext">many users have been looking for ways to avoid this, and <span class="idiff left right">have </span>tried to introduce</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC41" class="line" lang="plaintext">workarounds which may <span class="idiff left right">or may not work properly</span>.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC42" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC43" class="line" lang="plaintext">So even though these Unix kernels normally can handle leap seconds, the way</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC44" class="line" lang="plaintext">they do this is not optimal for applications.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC44" class="line" lang="plaintext">they do this is not <span class="idiff left right">always </span>optimal for applications.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC45" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC46" class="line" lang="plaintext">One good way to handle the leap second is to use ntp_gettime() instead of</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC47" class="line" lang="plaintext">the usual calls, because ntp_gettime() includes a "clock state" variable</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC48" class="line" lang="plaintext">that will actually tell you if the time you are receiving is OK or not, and</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC49" class="line" lang="plaintext">if it is OK, if the current second is an in-progress leap second.  But even</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC50" class="line" lang="plaintext">though this mechanism has been available for <span class="idiff left right">about 20 years' time</span>, almost</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC50" class="line" lang="plaintext">though this mechanism has been available for <span class="idiff left right">decades</span>, almost</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC51" class="line" lang="plaintext">nobody uses it.</span>

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<td class="diff-line-num old_line" data-linenumber="52" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC52" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC53" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC54" class="line" lang="plaintext">== The Leap Smear Approach ==</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC55" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC56" class="line" lang="plaintext">Due to the reasons mentioned above some support for leap smearing has</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC56" class="line" lang="plaintext">Due to the reasons mentioned above<span class="idiff left right">,</span> some support for leap smearing has</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC57" class="line" lang="plaintext">recently been implemented in ntpd.  This means that to insert a leap second</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC58" class="line" lang="plaintext">an NTP server adds a certain increasing "smear" offset to the real UTC time</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC59" class="line" lang="plaintext">sent to its clients, so that after some predefined interval the leap second</span>

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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold old_line" data-linenumber="73" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold new_line" data-linenumber="73" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ finished, at the end of the smear interval.  By examining the first byte of</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC73" class="line" lang="plaintext">the refid, one can also determine if the server is offering smeared time or</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC74" class="line" lang="plaintext">not.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC75" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC76" class="line" lang="plaintext">Of course, clients <span class="idiff left right">which</span> receive the "smeared" time from an NTP server don't</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC77" class="line" lang="plaintext">have to (and <span class="idiff left right">even </span>must not) care about the leap second anymore.  Smearing is</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC78" class="line" lang="plaintext"><span class="idiff left right">just </span>transparent to the clients, and the clients don't even notice there's a</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC76" class="line" lang="plaintext">Of course, clients <span class="idiff left right">that</span> receive the "smeared" time from an NTP server don't</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC77" class="line" lang="plaintext">have to (and must not) care about the leap second anymore.  Smearing is</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC78" class="line" lang="plaintext">transparent to the clients, and the clients don't even notice there's a</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC79" class="line" lang="plaintext">leap second.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC80" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC81" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold old_line" data-linenumber="95" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ time.  Make sure you check to see if this requirement affects you.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC95" class="line" lang="plaintext">However, for applications where it's only important that all computers have</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC96" class="line" lang="plaintext">the same time and a temporary offset of up to 1 s to UTC is acceptable, a</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC97" class="line" lang="plaintext">better approach may be to slew the time in a well defined way, over a</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC98" class="line" lang="plaintext">certain interval, <span class="idiff left right">which is what we call smearing</span> the leap second.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC98" class="line" lang="plaintext">certain interval, <span class="idiff left right">thus "smearing"</span> the leap second.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC99" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC100" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC101" class="line" lang="plaintext">== The Motivation to Implement Leap Smearing ==</span>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ accidental behavior.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC114" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC115" class="line" lang="plaintext">However, as we learned in the discussion in http://bugs.ntp.org/2745, this</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC116" class="line" lang="plaintext">behavior was very much appreciated since indeed the time was never stepped</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC117" class="line" lang="plaintext">back, <span class="idiff left right">and even though the start of the slewing was somewhat un</span>defined and</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC117" class="line" lang="plaintext">back, <span class="idiff left right">even though the start of the slewing was not strictly </span>defined and</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC118" class="line" lang="plaintext">depended on the poll interval.  The system time was off by 1 second for</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC119" class="line" lang="plaintext">several minutes before slewing even started.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC120" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold old_line" data-linenumber="132" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ i.e. ntpd with -x would still step the time.  This has only recently been</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC132" class="line" lang="plaintext">fixed in the current ntpd stable code, but this fix is only available with a</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC133" class="line" lang="plaintext">certain patch level of ntpd 4.2.8.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC134" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC135" class="line" lang="plaintext">So a possible solution for users who were looking for a way to <span class="idiff left right">come over</span> the</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC135" class="line" lang="plaintext">So a possible solution for users who were looking for a way to <span class="idiff left right">bridge</span> the</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC136" class="line" lang="plaintext">leap second without the time being stepped could have been to check the</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC137" class="line" lang="plaintext">version of ntpd installed on each of their systems.  If it's still 4.2.4 be</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC138" class="line" lang="plaintext">sure to start the client ntpd with -x.  If it's 4.2.6 or 4.2.8 it won't work</span>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ built.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC193" class="line" lang="plaintext">smearing is only done if explicitly configured.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC194" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC195" class="line" lang="plaintext">* The leap smear interval should be at least several hours' long, and up to</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC196" class="line" lang="plaintext">1 day (86400s).  If the interval is too short then the applied smear offset</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC197" class="line" lang="plaintext">is applied too quickly for clients to follow.  86400s (1 day) is a good</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC196" class="line" lang="plaintext">1 day (86400<span class="idiff left right"> </span>s).  If the interval is too short then the applied smear offset</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC197" class="line" lang="plaintext">is applied too quickly for clients to follow.  86400<span class="idiff left right"> </span>s (1 day) is a good</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC198" class="line" lang="plaintext">choice.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC199" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC200" class="line" lang="plaintext">* If several NTP servers are set up for leap smearing then the *same* smear</span>

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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ interval should be configured on each server.</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC202" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC203" class="line" lang="plaintext">* Smearing NTP servers DO NOT send a leap second warning flag to client time</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC204" class="line" lang="plaintext">requests.  Since the leap second is applied gradually the clients don't even</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC205" class="line" lang="plaintext">notice there's a leap second being inserted, and thus there will be no log</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC206" class="line" lang="plaintext">message<span class="idiff left right"> or similar related to the leap second be</span> visible on the clients.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC205" class="line" lang="plaintext">notice th<span class="idiff left right">at th</span>ere's a leap second being inserted, and thus there will be no log</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC206" class="line" lang="plaintext">message<span class="idiff left right">s or similar related to the leap second</span> visible on the clients.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC207" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC208" class="line" lang="plaintext">* Since clients don't (and must not) become aware of the leap second at all,</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC209" class="line" lang="plaintext">clients getting the time from a smearing NTP server MUST NOT be configured</span>

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<td class="diff-line-num old old_line" data-linenumber="210" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #fac5cd; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#f9d7dc">

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC210" class="line" lang="plaintext">to use a leap second file.  If they ha<span class="idiff left right">d a leap second file they would</span> apply</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC210" class="line" lang="plaintext">to use a leap second file.  If they ha<span class="idiff left right">ve a leap second file they will</span> apply</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC211" class="line" lang="plaintext">the leap second twice: the smeared one from the server, plus another one</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC212" class="line" lang="plaintext">inserted by themselves due to the leap second file.  As a result, the</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC213" class="line" lang="plaintext">additional correction would soon be detected and corrected/adjusted.</span>

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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold old_line" data-linenumber="217" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold new_line" data-linenumber="217" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>

<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -217,7 +217,6 @@ servers at the same time.  During the smear interval they would get</td>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC217" class="line" lang="plaintext">different times from different servers and wouldn't know which server(s) to</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC218" class="line" lang="plaintext">accept.</span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC219" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC220" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC220" class="line" lang="plaintext">== Setting Up A Smearing NTP Server ==</span>

</pre>

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<td class="diff-line-num old_line" data-linenumber="222" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC221" class="line" lang="plaintext"></span>

</pre>

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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC222" class="line" lang="plaintext">If an NTP server should perform leap smearing then the leap smear interval</span>

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